Allele-specific primer based identification of dimeric alpha-amylase inhibitor

Wheat is one of the most important staple food crops cultivated over 200 mha in the range of environment throughout the world. Wheat production must continue to increase by 2% annually, more particularly in developing world including south-east Asia. Besides increasing the inherent productivity of wheat, it is important to minimize the losses caused to production by various abiotic and biotic factors. Alpha–amylase inhibitors are attractive candidates for the control of seed weevils as these insects are highly dependent on starch as the energy source. They play an important role in the carbohydrate metabolism of many heterotrophic and autotrophic organisms. In this study, we aimed to make sequence comparison and phylogenetic relationship among dimeric alpha-amylase inhibitor genes. These genes were clustered into two major groups based on phylogenetic analysis. Multiple alignments show at least 24 candidates single nucleotide polymorphisms in inhibitor genes, which could further be exploited for SNPs based haplotype diversity among Indian released wheat genotype. We have detected dimeric alpha-amylase inhibitor genes in cultivated and wild ancestors of wheat using genome specific primers. Genes encoding dimeric alpha-amylase belong to the family of 24 kDa alpha-amylase inhibitors. In this study, specific primer pairs were designed based on SNPs of these genes and chromosome locations of inhibitor genes confirmed by amplification in accession of T. urartu, A. tauschii, and A. speltoides. Results obtained under this study support that inhibitor genes amplified with primer PSWDAIAF1/PSWDAIAF2 and PSWDAIBF1/PSWDAIBF2 is present on genome B. These results further support evidence at molecular level that dimeric alpha-amylase inhibitor in cultivated wheat is encoded by a multigene family.

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Hairy roots as a model to investigate the role of suberin in the Phytophthora sojae-soybean pathosystem

Part of the resistance mechanism of soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) to Phytopthora sojae Kauf. & Gerd. involves pre-formed root suberin. In order to investigate the role of suberin in this host-pathogen interaction, I characterized hairy roots, formed as a result of Agrobacterium rhizogenes (Riker et al.) Conn infection, as a model to be used as a reliable soybean transformation system. I established hairy root cultures and demonstrated that they were a result of A. rhizogenes infection. The anatomy and suberin deposition in soybean hairy roots was examined, and found to be very similar to that of wild-type roots. In hairy roots, the amount of suberin (quantified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) increased in both epidermal and endodermal cells along the root axis as in wild-type roots. Finally, the response of soybean hairy roots to P. sojae infection was investigated and shown to be similar to that of wild-type roots

Automated Software Testing Using Metahurestic Technique Based on Improved Ant Algorithms for Software Testing

Testing can never completely identify all the defects within software [1]. Instead, it furnishes a criticism or comparison that compares the state and behavior of the product against oracles principles or mechanisms by which someone might recognize a problem. These oracles may include (but are not limited to) specifications, contracts[2], comparable products, past versions of the same product, inferences about intended or expected purpose, user or customer expectations, relevant standards, applicable laws, or other criteria. Testing effectiveness can be achieved by the State Transition Testing (STT) which is commonly used in real time, embedded and web based type of software systems. Aim of the current paper is to present an algorithm by applying an ant colony optimization technique, for generation of optimal and minimal test sequences for behavior specification of software. Present paper approach generates test sequence in order to obtain the complete software coverage. This paper also discusses the comparison between two Meta heuristic techniques (Genetic Algorithm and Ant Colony optimization) for transition based testing

Examining The Influence Of Supervisory Support On Training Effectiveness: Empirical Evidence From Service Organization In Gwalior

This study attempted to identify the factors of organizational support that influence training transfer and examine the impact of such factors on transfer of training. Two variables were being examined in this study, supervisory support as an independent variable and training effectiveness as dependent variable. For this purpose data was collected from one hundred twenty five employees including supervisors and trainees from banking organization of Gwalior region. Questionnaires were distributed to employees and data was analyzed in the form of descriptive analysis, reliability and factor analysis. Linear regression was applied to examine the impact of factors on training effectiveness. The findings of the study suggested that supervisor support has a positive and significant impact on effectiveness of training. Employees were more likely to transfer their newly learnt skills and knowledge to the work place when supervisors supported them

A STUDY ON THE ROLE OF RASA-VAHA SROTAS IN PANDU ROGA

This research work is survey study where female patients are randomly selected. The main objective of this research is to observe the Rasavaha Srotas Dusti symptoms as mentioned in Ayurveda as Rasavaha Srotas Vikara and related to Pandu Vikara as one of them using these as subjective criteria’s and to prove this clinically Sahli’s method is used in laboratory as reference. A study was done on 100 female volunteers of different age group to rule out the symptoms of Rasavaha Srotas as explained by the scholars. One cannot see blood getting destructed from naked eyes. It can be seen by signs and symptoms that feel by individual. It happens slowly over many years without our knowledge until pathology occurs. This is an attempt to provide Rasavaha Srotas Dusti Vikara as starting symptoms of Pandu as explained in Ayurveda using modern parameter to access anemia in starting stages. Anemia was seen maximum of 52 % were from the interval of 21-30 age group, and 22 % in age group 31-40 age group, 26 % fall in the age group of 41-50. This shows that incidence of the disease is more among in 21-30 age group

Advanced maternal age: maternal and perinatal outcomes

Background: Advanced maternal age is significantly associated with adverse obstetrical outcomes like pregnancy-induced hypertension and preterm Delivery. Caesarean delivery is also increased in those mothers. Advanced maternal age pregnancy was also found to be a major risk factor for low birth-weight and perinatal death. Methods: A hospital based observational study was conducted with 100 patients on attending antenatal-OPD patients at K. J. Somaiya Medical College and Research centre to evaluate the risks involved with advanced maternal age, the obstetric performance with neonatal outcomes of elderly gravidas aged 33 years or older. Results: The most common maternal complication was gestational diabetes mellitus (16%), pregnancy induced hypertension (13%), pre-eclampsia (11%), malpresentation (8%), oligohydramnios (6%), placenta previa (2%) and post-partum haemorrhage (2%). Caesarean Section in 39% cases and vaginal delivery in 61% cases. (78%) were term deliveries, (22%) were preterm deliveries. (9%) neonates were very low birth weight [<1.5 kg, (34%) neonates were low birth weight (1.5-2.5 kg)] (36%) and (21%) neonates were in the range of 2.6-2.9 kg and ≥3 kg respectively. Conclusions: Advanced maternal age is significantly associated with adverse obstetrical outcomes like pregnancy-induced hypertension and preterm delivery. Caesarean delivery was increased in those mothers. Advanced maternal age pregnancy was found to be a major risk factor for low birth-weight, perinatal death. Therefore, it is better for health care providers to counsel couples, who seek to have a child in their later ages, about the risks of advanced maternal age pregnancy

CONCEPTUAL STUDY OF FORMATION OF BLOOD CELLS FROM TISSUE NUTRITIONAL LAWS WITH ITS CLINICAL IMPACT- AN AYURVEDIC PERSPECTIVE

Rakta Dhatu is the main source for life longevity and survival of human beings. Formation of Rakta Dhatu is a continuous process. The heterologous food after the action of bio-energies (Agni) in digestion phase is converting into homologous form. Agni-bala (strength of bio-energies) are main helping hand for 2nd Dhatu i.e. Rakta Dhatu (blood cells) in the metabolic action of the body. Further the bio-energies works with changing need of the essence part as absorption and metabolism are started so that generation of tissues (Dhatus) occurs smoothly in the body. The Dhatu Siddhanta (tissue forming laws) in which theories of tissue formation and tissue differentiation were mentioned. The Ahara Rasa (Productive essence part) with the help of different bio-energies in different areas in body helps to produce tissues (Dhatus). To understand how the tissues are formed it is necessary here to understand the logics of Ayurvedic concepts or Siddhanta that proves the formation of Dhatu from Ahara Rasa. The modern science explains the formation of blood cells in embryonic stage by the help mesenchymal cells. The applied aspect of this work is to prevent disorders before their manifestations occurs in the human body. Various diseases that occur due to many causative agents are like- food/Ahara or Agni-Bala (strength of bio-energies), getting poor food digestion or metabolism. On the Ahara ground many different type of etio-pathogenis are aroused due to malfunctioned food or due to malabsorption (Dhatuagnivikriti) that may leads to Dhatuagninasana (metabolic dysfunction). To understand deeply we have to go step by step the physiological ground of food digestion, its laws and how the blood tissues are formed from the sciences, applied aspects of Dhatu Nirmana and its vitiated factors

Investigations on the effect of thermal history, particle size and SHI irradiation on some physical properties of Y3+-substituted YIG

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Comparative study of mifepristone followed by misoprostol with misoprostol alone for treatment of early pregnancy failure: an interventional randomised clinical study in a tertiary care hospital

Background: Early pregnancy failure (EPF) is a common experience for women. Medical management allows for expulsion of the nonviable pregnancy in a controlled manner without any surgical risk. The aim of this study was to compare efficacy and safety of mifepristone followed by misoprostol with misoprostol alone in management of EPF.Methods: This was a prospective comparative interventional randomised clinical study conducted at Shri Maharaja Gulab Singh hospital, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir India from November 2019 to October 2020. A total of 200 patients with gestational age less than 13 weeks and ultrasound diagnosis of EPF were included in the study and randomly divided into two groups, group A (100 patients) received tab. mifepristone 200 mg orally 24 hrs before the use of Tab misoprostol 800 ug per vaginally. If no expulsion occurs within 4 hours, repeat doses of 400 ug misoprostol were given per vaginally at 4-hourly interval to a maximum of 2 doses in women less than or equal to 9 weeks by ultrasound and 4 doses in women more than 9 weeks by ultrasound. Group B (100 patients) received only Tab misoprostol in similar doses without prior mifepristone. The study was performed after approval from the institutional ethical committee. The data was analysed using computer software Microsoft Excel, Statistical and IBM SPSS version 21.0. The statistical difference in mean value between two groups was tested using unpaired ‘t’ test. The qualitative data was compared using Fischer’s exact test.Results: The success rate was higher in group A 92% than group B where it was 76%. The mean induction-abortion interval and dose of misoprostol required for expulsion were 6.56±.66 hrs in group A and 10.40±4.33 hrs in group B and 1126.88±536.06 ug in group A and 1583.33±364.58 ug in group B. The patients in group A experienced significantly less side effects than those in group B, 19% versus 32% and also required fewer blood transfusions than group B, 2% versus 5%.Conclusions: In the present study we came to the conclusion that mifepristone followed by misoprostol is more effective, safe and acceptable than misoprostol alone